Impact of the P-51 Mustang essays

Effect of the P-51 Mustang papers Not until the approach of the North American P-51 Mustang warrior, and the entirety of the upgrades, advantages, and symptoms that it carried with it, that the Allies had the option to accomplish prevalence over the Germans. The Allies realized that they would need to drive German industry to an edge of disappointment so as to win the war. The issue was that all the manufacturing plants, processing plants, and other industry-related structures were found inland. This issue required the utilization of planes. All together for the planes to be fruitful they would need to drop bombs irritated by AAA and have the option to return on new missions in the hours or days to come. The issue again was that the Allies didn't have this kind of prevalence so they couldn't utilize aircraft without the danger of being shot somewhere near the Germans, who continued moving in. The Allies acknowledged they would need to begin devastating progressively German contenders. So the creation and improvement of the North American P-51 Mustang started to occur. In April of 1940, the leader of North American Aviation, Dutch Kindleberger, visited the leader of the airplane division of the British Purchasing Commission, Sir Henry Self, inquiring as to whether he might want to buy a few planes. Self was not intrigued yet rather disclosed to him that Curtiss Company had another contender configuration yet was excessively occupied to assemble it. Kindleberger went to see Curtiss and purchased their contender plan for $56,000. He guaranteed Self to have the planes prepared to fly by September 1941. The model of the NA-73 be that as it may, was prepared in October of 1940 and end up being of amazing structure. It had a progressive wing structure that permitted it to fly at high speeds without unfavorable pressure impacts. The specialists additionally buckled down on making the plane as streamlined as conceivable by making the fuselage as thin as could reasonably be expected and sitting the cockpit low in the fuselage. At the point when the NA-73 was mass-delivered it was then called the P-51, and was p... <!

Otto Hahn: Biography

Otto Hahn: Biography Otto Hahn By Eli Biedenbender Otto Hahn was a splendid german physicist, who was viewed as â€Å"the father of atomic chemistry† for his work in radiochemistry and radioactivity. He likewise was an extraordinary political dissident completely against future testing or utilization of the atomic weapons. Otto was the child of a prosperous glazier and business visionary Glasbau Hahn and his better half Charlotte Hahn. Otto was conceived in south Germany (Frankfurt am Main) on March eighth 1879. He was the most youthful of the family and had three siblings Karl, Heiner and Julius. Ottos began to have an enthusiasm for science at 15 years old yet his dad needed him to turn into a planner, however he wound up going to University of Marburg for science. He started to consider science and mineralogy with side enthusiasm for theory and material science. Later in his school profession Otto drops a few material science and science related classes for workmanship and theory. During his school years he was in an unders tudy organization which is a herald of todays Nibelungia Fraternity and he graduated with his doctorate in 1901. After graduation Otto does a time of military assistance and returns to the college to function as a science leacture assassist bearing in mind the end goal of going into industry, however following two years he moved to London to learn english and do inquire about with Sir WIlliam Ramsay. While with Ramsay, Otto was filtering an unrefined radium and found another radioactive substance, which he called radiothorium. Energized by his initial achievement and supported by Ramsay, he chose to proceed with explore on radioactivity as opposed to go into industry. With Ramsay’s bolster he acquired a post at the University of Berlin. Before taking it up, he chose to go through a while in Montreal with Ernest Rutherford to increase further involvement in radioactivity. In the wake of coming back to Germany, Hahn was joined by Lise Meitner, an Austrian-conceived physicist, and after five years they moved to the new Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry. There Hahn became leader of a li ttle, free branch of radiochemistry. Otto met his better half to be, Edith Junghans, a workmanship understudy at the Kã ¶nigliche Kunstschule (Royal Academy of Art) in Berlin. The couple wedded in Ediths local city of Stettin, on 22 March 1913. Tragically World War I began the year after their marriage. Bringing about Hahn need to do battle. Otto was enrolled to a regiment, that was centered around the improvement of synthetic fighting. In the regiment he worked with James Franck and Gustav Hertz, under the course of Fritz Haber. Otto’s unit made and tried toxic substance gas that was delivered for military purposes. In December 1916, Hahn was moved out of the bleeding edges back to Berlin, where he had the option to continue his radiochemical look into. After the war, Hahn dedicated himself to his work on radioactivity and with Meitner’s help, they were among the first to disconnect protactinium-231, an isotope of an as of late found (around then) radioactive component protactinium. Otto then dedicated t he following 12 years of his profession to examine convenience of radioactive strategies to take care of synthetic issues. On February 1921, Otto at last distributed his first report on the revelation of uranium Z (later known as Pa 234 ), the primary case of atomic isomerism, this turned into a gigantic rule after Otto’s time when atomic material science began getting more consideration. In 1934 Hahn found crafted by Enrico Fermi, which found that when the heaviest characteristic component, uranium, is hit by neutrons, a few radioactive â€Å"daughter† particles are made. Fermi’s results expressed that counterfeit components were shaped that were similar uranium. Hahn, Meitner and Strassmann rehashed Fermi’s try and acquired outcomes that were similar with Fermi’s results however as the group accomplished more path, the information deteriorated. The Hahn bunch discovered that various isotopes of four components came about because of the parting of uranium and that those components had nuclear quantities of 93 through 96.This was later was seen as off-base. Hahn’s bunch was the main researchers to figure the half-existence of U 239 which additionally demonstrated synthetically that it is an isotope of U. They couldn't distinguish the rot result of 239 U and proceed with this work to its realization. The rot item is neptunium however this assignment was finished later by Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson. In the year 1938 Meitner fled Germany to get away from the abuse of the Jews, however Hahn and Strassmann stayed and proceeded with the examination. Hahn was her mystery supporter gave her a jewel ring he had acquired from his mom, to be utilized to pay off the wilderness watches whenever required. In late 1938 Hahn and Strassmann discovered isotopes of an antacid earth metal in the results delivered from an atomic responses. The metal was seen as natural barium salt. Finding a basic earth metal in the outcomes didn 't fit with different components found yet was a significant advance in their exploration. Hahn however that the result could be radium, delivered from two alpha-particles leaving ceaselessly from the uranium core. At that point, Hahn thought it must be radium in light of the fact that even two alpha particles leaving endlessly from the core from this procedure was viewed as far-fetched. So the possibility of uranium losing ~100 neutrons and transforming into barium was viewed as unimaginable. During an outing to Copenhagen, Hahn referenced these outcomes to notable researchers Niels Bohr and Lise Meitner. Utilizing his partners guidance he refined the test which lead him to the outcomes he was searching for. On December 1938 his analysis a radium-barium-mesothorium-fractionation as Otto called it was performed and created three isotopes that were seen as barium rather than the normal radium. This gave Otto the proof he required. In 1938 Hahn sent Meitner a report of his discoveries . She built up a clarification to the outcomes and together they named it atomic splitting. Lise Meitner and her nephew, a physicist Otto Robert Frisch, arrived at a similar resolution and worked out the essential counts of atomic splitting, which was authoritatively begat by Frisch, and turned out to be all around known. Over the next months, two articles were distributed that clarified and had test verification on the atomic parting composed by Frisch and Meitner. In their second distribution they discussed uranium splitting which they called Uranspaltung. This article anticipated the liberating of extra neutrons during the parting procedure, which Frã ©dã ©ric Joliot and his group end up being chain response. During the war and around 1945, Otto Hahn along with his collaborators had a rundown of 25 components and around 100 isotopes whose presence he had shown through his examinations. The shocking ramifications of this revelation were acknowledged by researchers before the flare-up of World War II, and a gathering was shaped in Germany to contemplate conceivable military turns of events. A lot to Hahn’s help, he was permitted to proceed with his own investigates liberated from military interference.At the finish of World War II in 1945 Hahn was associated with taking a shot at the German atomic vitality task to build up a nuclear bomb, however his lone association was the disclosure of splitting; he didn't deal with the program. In April 1945, Hahn and nine driving German physicists were arrested by the Alsos Mission and taken to Cambridge, England, from 3 July 1945 to 3 January 1946. While they were there, the German researchers educated of the dropping of the American nuclear bo mbs on Japan. Hahn took this awful, as he felt that since he had found atomic splitting he shared duty regarding the demise and enduring of a huge number of honest Japanese individuals. From the get-go in January 1946, the gathering was permitted to come back to Germany. While he was in England he was informed that they granted him the Nobel Prize for 1944. The Nobel of 1944 was for science, Otto’s revelation of the splitting of overwhelming nuclear cores. From 1948 to 1960 Otto Hahn was the establishing President of the recently framed Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, which through his vigorous movement and his overall regarded character prevailing with regards to being fame in the mainstream researchers. Albeit now matured and resigned, he was as yet an enthusiastic man; a deep rooted mountain dweller, he kept up physical wellness during the upheld remain in England by an every day run. On his arrival to Germany he was chosen leader of the previous Kaiser Wilhelm Society and turned into a regarded open figure, a representative for science, and a companion of Theodor Heuss, the main leader of the Federal Republic of Germany. Otto battled against further turn of events and testing of atomic weapons. In January 1958, Otto Hahn, along with his companion Albert Schweitzer marked the Pauling Appeal to the United Nations in New York for the prompt finish of a universal consent to stop the testing of atomic weapons, and in October, he consented to the worldwide Arrangement to assemble a conference to draw up a world constitution on the issue of atomic weapons. He never burnt out on notice earnestly of the perils of the atomic weapons contest between the extraordinary forces and of the radioactive defilement that would prompt the devastation of the planet. Respects came to him from all sides; in 1966 he, Meitner, and Strassmann shared the esteemed Enrico Fermi Award. Just as Hahn was additionally more than once selected for the Nobel Peace Prize by various global associations however never got a subsequent one. This time of his life was disheartened, when, their lone youngster, Hanno, conceived in 1922, which turned into a recognized workmanship student of history and engineering scientist, who was additionally known for his disclosures in the early Cistercian design of the twelfth century. In August 1960, while on an investigation trip in France, Dr Hanno Hahn was engaged with a lethal auto crash, alo ng with his significant other and colleague Ilse Hahn, leaving a multi year old child. The loss of his

Designing Enterprise Information Portal †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About the Designing Enterprise Information Portal? Answer: Presentation An online interface can frequently be portrayed as a site that helps in acquiring data a solitary spot from different sources and all are kept in a uniform way. These data sources gets its committed territory on the site for showing the data and clients can frequently design what kind of data can be shown over the page. There is a segment called the dashboard which is commonly accessible for the administrators and chiefs (Redmond, Huang Heisinger, 2016). The manner by which all the data is put away by and large relies upon the client how he/she needs it to be. An entryway may likewise utilize a web index API with the goal that it can allow the clients to look through intranet by confining a portion of the areas to be looked. Web-based interfaces can likewise help in offering email, news, stock statements, data identified with database and furthermore can have diversion news. Online interfaces is by and large cloud based innovation and all the data are put away over the cloud and this makes the framework much secure with the goal that no unapproved client can access the framework. Likewise the sources that are given in the online interface should originate from a confirmed source with the goal that no deceptive data is gotten to the clients. It should offer inner just as outside correspondence among the clients so they can impart their perspectives and insights with others sp that progression of data can go on continuously.The following article examines about the web-based interface that has been proposed by the CIO of the organization and what are the advantages that the organization jumps on utilizing this, additionally the systems that need to create and furthermore the issues identified with this web-based interface and the hazard the executives and how to adapt up to those dangers. Structuring the Specifications of the online interface for United States Pharmaceutical Corp Inward frameworks and databases clients needs to get to the entry The database comprises of different arrangements of worker clients and visitors. The visitor client can briefly visit the site however a portion of the highlights may not be accessible to them. However, the ones who are enlisted in the gateway can get to all its fundamental highlights that are required for accomplishing the work. A portion of the clients can likewise see the profile of different clients and can likewise control the happenings somewhat like checking the loads of the prescriptions that are coming or can even straightforwardly visit with the administrator about what is required and what ought to be evacuated. The remainder of the clients can just observe the progressions and work as indicated by them and can make demand for a specific assignment (Arbab et al., 2015). They can see the medications that are accessible and request. On the off chance that a portion of the medications are not accessible, the clients can demand for that medication to make that accessible and f urthermore get general data about the meds or medications that are recorded there legitimately from the maker or the specialist. There the clients can likewise communicate with the pro on the off chance that they face any issue (Bartsch et al., 2014). The administrator must give a few highlights to the upper level clients who can see what are the solicitations made and furthermore can advance the message to higher specialists to process the solicitation appropriately. Breaking point for the outer sources analysts The outer sources analysts breaking point to utilize the web-based interface will be unique in relation to that of the general clients as their primary point is to assemble data about different medications and prescriptions and furthermore to accumulate data about the web-based interface of how they work and furthermore they are worried about the security gives that win inside the site. They mean to assemble data and play out a study on how clients are reacting to the site likewise they check if the site is responsive or not (Bouyioukos et al., 2016). Outside specialists can't change or erase the clients accounts nor would they be able to get to the database to see about the individual data about the clients. They can just assemble the data and divert that data to the administrator and moves will be made in like manner to that data. Outer sources can likewise report the administrator about the bugs or the progressions that are fundamental to make (Chen Chengalur-Smith, 2015). They ca n likewise keep a reputation of the prescriptions that are accessible over the entry and furthermore they can check the exchanges that are going on to check whether any pernicious exercises are happening or not and in the event that they discover any, they can report it back to the administrator to deal with the issue. Inner and External Communication For the better working of the online interface, the inside clients and outside scientists ought to have the option to speak with one another just as they have to impart among one another so they can impart their perspectives and significant data to other people. On the off chance that the inner clients which incorporates the workers needs to share any significant data or need to refresh different representatives about something or need to carry a significant question to the administrator, they can speak with their companions and offer the snippet of data with them likewise the outside scientists ought to likewise be given the benefit to speak with the administrator just as the clients so they can educate the administrator concerning the issue that they discovered additionally inform the clients regarding the issues they are confronting and understand their inquiries. With the correspondence procedure close by, the clients can likewise send their plans to the higher authorities or can present a critical document (Ducar et al., 2014). The clients can likewise inform the administrator about the missing medicines and request that they reorder those medications and take report too. The outside scientists can speak with these clients and can take care of their issues or may the check the security of the site and educate the administrator regarding these issues. Intranet and Internet search apparatuses to help investigate. Intranet and Internet the two works next to each other and both are helpful and very significant so as to help the examination. With the assistance of Intranet, the efficiency can be improved extraordinarily and this additionally helps in less data covering by which no two data will harmonize among one another and the end client can without much of a stretch become acquainted with and comprehend what is there. This likewise enables the outer specialists as they to can without much of a stretch recognize various parts of the online interface and can send reports in like manner (Fleming, Cullen Luna, 2016). With the assistance of intranet, representative commitment can likewise be improved by which clients will get a rich graphical UI which will assist them with working all the more proficiently and this additionally helps in smoothing out the undertaking as this offers snappy and simple reference to the activities and patients. Alongside intranet, web is additionally very valuable sim ilarly as with the assistance of web devices like the Google, Yahoo, Bing and some more, they can look for any data that they wish to and get a moment access to them (Gibbs, Dascalu Harris Jr, 2013). With the assistance of web, clients can get constant data that they have to finish the activity and by this, they can likewise remain refreshed to the most recent happenings. Hotspots for important news identifying with the organization and research. The organization ought to have the option to list their news to some applicable sources from where others can become acquainted with about the organization and get register them so as that they can see all the data and the sources ought to be bona fide just as educational. The sources from where the data are coming, it should straightforwardly originate from the organization as that the organization can follow the records and furthermore change it in like manner when required. The sources should guarantee duty on the off chance that anything awful occurs or in the event that others inside that association attempt to control the information or offer the information to other people (Haywood, 2014). The data that is shared from these sources ought to be totally right and veritable and should hold the copyright with the goal that others can't take the information. Associations with pharmaceutical gatherings and discussions just as expert associations and proper expert diaries. This component is very well helpful similarly as with this, many end clients can counsel any expert or even an association. With this element empowered, numerous significant level specialists can likewise make a gathering with other pharmaceutical organizations and can examine about the requirements of various kinds of medications or drugs. With this element empowered, numerous clients can get data about the prescriptions that they need as opposed to purchasing any off-base meds (Heredia, Greer IV, Crowe, 2014). The clients can likewise peruse diaries about a portion of the prescriptions and can become more acquainted with their advantages and symptoms that they may look after utilizing these medications. With this element, the organization can likewise held a gathering with proficient associations and friends ought to be mindful so as to give fitting proficient diaries so it turns out to be simple for the clients to get all the important data that the client needs before getting the medications (Hoff et al., 2017). Additionally this would assist the organization with knowing better what prescriptions are required and which are every now and again utilized by the clients. Any extra wellsprings of data that would demonstrate supportive to clients Extra hotspots for data are in every case great the same number of wellsprings of data gives an unmistakable thought regarding the organization. There are numerous sources from where data can be accessible like the media, paper or even notices (Tomcal, Stiffler Barkan, 2013). Having these different wellsprings of data can be a lot of accommodating to the clients as they can discover significantly more about the organization and can collaborate well with the organization authorities. With these valid sources, they can be protected from any kinds of deceitful cases (Huang Patel, 2016). With these sources, the clients can remain refreshed with the kinds of data that is being given and furthermore by this; the clients can direct themselves to get the right prescriptions that they need. There are new manners by which clients can

The Cars Usage Regulations

Manistique Inc. contrived a security consistence program inside the association whose point is to prepare and screen workers actuating low injury rates and higher wellbeing consistence gauges. Manistique offers prizes to representatives with lower injury rates. The program was actualized for an enormous scope all through the association among 83 plants. With no factual investigation it is difficult to arrive at a resolution regarding whether the program has extemporized the injury rates or not; in any case, people comment that there has been a slide in the injury rates delineating an ideal impact of the preparation program. The target at Manistique is to normalize the program no matter how you look at it so that there is sufficient saving money on authoritative expenses brought about because of work environment wounds. Before this should be possible along these lines, the particulars of the program must be concluded which will prove to be useful in persuading the administration of the value of this program. Along these lines, the point of this paper is to examine the connection between the provisions of the security program and the most two significant proportions of wellbeing rates: 1. Security perspectives 2. Time lost because of wounds. Utilizing recorded data just as information accessible from the last quarter, this paper will utilize factual methods to arrive at a resolution concerning whether the security program has been effective in bringing down injury rates. Investigation The report is appended with the first dataset accommodated the examination of this report. We will start by breaking down the connections between's the various factors in the dataset to find out an end regarding whether the program has truly improved wellbeing mentalities and improved the time lost in wounds or whether the change is measurably inconsequential Connection between's protected preparing demeanor (safetrain) and I) Total number of wounds (tinjuries) Using the CORREL work in Excel, the incentive for the connection co-effective was: The low positive estimation of the relationship co-proficient proposes that there is no critical connection between the wellbeing mentality and the real number of work environment wounds I. e. the disposition has not helped the reasonable degree of wounds brought about at Manistique. For a critical circumstances and logical results relationship the estimation of the connection coefficient ought to have been emphatically bigger. I) Total number of passings (tfatalities) Using the CORREL work in Excel, the incentive for the relationship co-proficient was: The connection co-effective is negative (as ought not have been the situation). The worth isn't essentially high (near 0), which proposes that wellbeing principles have scarcely any impact in bringing down the quantity of passings at Manistique. Then again it has marginally expanded the quantity of wounds (connection co-effective is somewhat positive). Consequently, wellbeing perspectives have not in any way been successful in lessening the quantity of wounds. iii) Disability days (disabdays) Utilizing the CORREL work in Excel, the incentive for the connection co-effective was: Again the negative worth proposes that there is a negative connection between wellbeing disposition and incapacity days (the lower the mentality, the lower the handicap days). In any case, the estimation of the connection co-effective is little which discredits any solid connection between the two factors. Connection between's wellbeing support from associates (safesupport) and I) Total number of wounds (tinjuries) Using the CORREL work in Excel, the incentive for the relationship co-proficient was: The connection coefficient is certain. This recommends the expanded wellbeing support from collaborators really has a positivee impact as it brings about a drop in number of wounds at Manistique. Anyway the low estimation of the coefficient proposes no solid circumstances and logical results relationship for the program actualized at Manistique. ii) Total number of passings (tfatalities) Using the CORREL work in Excel, the incentive for the relationship co-effective was: The connection co-productive is negative (as ought not have been the situation). This invalidates all prospects of a great impact of the collaborator wellbeing in lessening the quantity of passings at Manistique; truth be told, the relationship is a remarkable inverse with an extremely little greatness. iii) Disability days (disabdays) Using the CORREL work in Excel, the incentive for the connection co-productive was: The low negative worth again brings the decision that there exists a negative relationship however the level of impact is exceptionally resigned. This realizes the end that there is no critical impact of the associate help mentality on the quantity of handicap days; it is a remarkable inverse. Relationship between's security support from colleagues (feelsafe) and I) Total number of wounds (tinjuries) Using the CORREL work in Excel, the incentive for the connection co-effective was: The relationship co-productive is negative (as ought to have been the situation). Be that as it may, the profoundly irrelevant estimation of the co-proficient proposes no noteworthy connection between a sentiment of wellbeing among the laborers and the real wounds at Manistique. ii) Total number of passings (tfatalities) Using the CORREL work in Excel, the incentive for the relationship co-productive was: The connection coefficient is sure (as ought not have been the situation). Expanding certainty held by a specialist that he/she is sheltered doesn't diminish the quantity of wounds at Manistique; rather it builds it feebly. This is plentiful proof for an absence of good connection between the two factors. iii) Disability days (disabdays) Using the CORREL work in Excel, the incentive for the connection co-productive was: The low negative worth again brings the determination that there exists a positive relationship yet the level of impact is exceptionally accommodating. This realizes the end that there is no noteworthy impact of the conviction of wellbeing held by a laborer on the quantity of incapacity days. End Based on the figurings made in the above area, the end that can be shaped here is very clear and brief: the new wellbeing consistence program at Manistique has no huge impact after improving the quantity of wounds, fatalities or handicap days at Manistique. The preparation program, collaborator support with respect to the security program or even the conviction held by the laborers that their wellbeing has expanded because of the program have no circumstances and logical results relationship adequate to lessen the quantity of specialist wounds, passings and the quantity of incapacity days at Manistique. Moving scarcely over the 0. 1 relationship level, there is no requirement for measurable theory testing strategies to be utilized in arriving at the resolution. At any certainty level, these qualities are adequately feeble enough to reason that the wellbeing consistence program is critical in sparing authoritative expenses for Manistique by decreasing the quantity of wounds, passings or handicap days at Manistique.

Soft Subjects Disadvantage University Applications

“Soft Subjects” Disadvantage University Applications The OE Blog For years there has been much debate over the best subjects to take to get into university. “What A-levels do I need to study law?” or “do I have to take three science A-levels to study medicine?” are some of the most common questions asked by sixth form students, and until recently there has been no clear answer. Some argued that business studies and IT courses were strong qualifications for a business or economics-based degree, but warned against art and design, media studies and other more creative A-levels. Others would have you believe that taking any ‘vocational’ course at A-level, whether it was photography, business, or even law, would be hugely detrimental to a university application, even if the course was in the same subject for which a candidate was applying. Students trying to make the right A-level choices to give them the best chance at gaining a university place under extremely competitive conditions have been faced with a bewildering array of ‘new-fangled’ A-level courses and a cacophony of mixed-messages about which to take. Now the Russell Group consisting of the UK’s 20 leading universities including Oxford and Cambridge has published a comprehensive leaflet entitled “Informed Choices”, containing guidance on issues just such as these. For the first time, prospective students have real, concrete guidance from the universities themselves to help them make astute A-level choices to aid their application for the university degree they hope to study. The guide contains few surprises, but reinforces the rumours and newspaper articles that have circulated for years suggesting that the top UK universities frown upon so called “soft subjects”. A box containing subjects such as English, maths, separate sciences and languages is labelled “facilitating subjects”, with students being advised they should take at least two of these to maximise their chances of getting into a top university. The pamphlet also quite openly uses the phrase “soft” subjects to describe A-levels such as media studies, business studies, art and design and photography, warning that “some caution may be needed” when applying to university courses with these A-levels. Experts and politicians alike have welcomed the guide as a great help for students, with Peter Lampl, chairman of the Sutton Trust education charity, heralding it as an equaliser for bright non-privileged students in particular, who all too often do not receive the support and guidance they need at this key juncture in their lives. The importance of such a positive step cannot be underestimated as a means of communicating key information about applications to those who may not be in a position to receive such advice from friends, family, or even teachers, and it will be an excellent result if the private school bias we see in university place allocation is redressed as a result. But one also wonders what impact this will have on those “soft” vocational courses students are so strongly warned against. If such subjects are so poorly regarded by universities and so unhelpful in preparing students for university courses then why do they exist at all, and how will they survive if they are constantly condemned and criticised by academics and institutions at the highest levels? And is it fair for all A-level courses to be judged purely on the basis of their value for university admission? Surely there is something to be said for the passion and enjoyment a student can take from a particular course, regardless of the number of points it will help them score when filling in their UCAS form? There is a danger in leaning even further towards academic obsession in an education system already geared so strongly towards jumping through hoops, hitting targets and climbing grade boundaries. Not all children are utterly academically focused, or desperately academically bright, and cutting out A-level courses such as art and design merely on the basis of their academic merit utterly ignores the vast creative and social function they may fulfil for such pupils. Not to mention the danger of assuming that all students should be able to state at the age of just 15 what degree course they plan to take, and ought to be steered into choosing their A-level subjects on that basis alone. The two years of sixth form are often hugely important in the academic, social and emotional development of young people, and it is important that they are given the creative freedom to pursue the subjects they are passionate about as they begin to discover a feel for what they might like to do in the fut ure. One supposes that some of the ‘soft’ courses described in the Russell Group leaflet are better suited for students aiming to go straight into employment after A-level; who are looking for practical, vocational training without the need for a degree. Yet the implicit sense of sneering condescension aimed at these courses by their description as “soft” subjects will surely also have an impact on the way they are seen by wider society in general, and employers in particular. One can quite imagine a school-leaver’s job application being disadvantaged by having media studies or business studies on their CV in the light of these new guidelines, yet they may in fact be the subjects that have best prepared them for the job. And if that is not the case â€" if these A-levels truly are ‘soft’ options that provide students with few real tools for practical application, then why are we continuing to offer them at all? Why do we have an education system where the growth of media and art and design departments over the past decade has been explosive, with a huge increase in the numbers of students taking business studies, law and psychology A-levels, if these qualifications are going to prove useless to them in the future, whether in the world of work or in a university application? Is it simply time to stop teaching these subjects altogether? Our education system should not be a disjointed two-tier experience where lofty elite universities simply dictate their expectations to senior schools and sixth form colleges. It simply isn’t functional to have a senior school network where media and creative subjects are some of the most popular and most commonly chosen, but a university system where these subjects are dismissed out of hand. Either universities need to realise that there is a higher demand for more emotive and creative courses, and adapt their admissions procedures and the courses they offer accordingly, or the courses offered at A-level need to be adapted to better equip students for the move to higher education. The two sides of the system ought to be working together to help students to follow their passions and pursue a university degree, not to feel trapped between the two. And that is without even starting to go into the much more complex artistic and ethical argument about the relative merits of classifying ‘hard’, academic subjects like maths and science as ‘more valuable’ than those that nourish art, creativity and personal development…